从本案看建筑工程招投标中介绍费的性质【转贴】

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align="justify"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong>              从本案看建筑工程招投标中介绍费的性质</strong></span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">                                                 </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">文</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">单建尧</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span><p /></font></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">     </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">案情</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　</span><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2004</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年，浙江某建筑公司通过王某了解到北京有一个大型房地产楼盘马上要开发，但施工单位尚未确定，正准备招标。同时王某许诺可以帮助建筑公司拿到该工程的承建权，但必须给予相应的报酬，于是建筑公司出具了一份书面承诺，答应中标后给王某工程总造价</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">的咨询费。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2005</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年初，建筑公司拿到了工程中标通知书。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2006</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年初，王某在向建筑公司多次催讨咨询费未果后向当地中级人民法院提起诉讼，要求支付</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">330</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">万元的咨询费。在该案审理中，一审法院认定承诺书是双方当事人的真实意思表示，具有民事法律效力，判令被告全额支付承诺书约定的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">330</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">万元；二审法院虽也认为王某为建筑公司提供了一定服务，应给予王某一定程度的补偿，但认为额度过高，将补偿额度调整为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">万元。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">     </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">分析</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　笔者认为，要认清建设工程招投标中“工程介绍费”合法与否，必须认清如下几个问题：一、介绍工程的行为是否属于居间行为？二、如为居间合同，可否因为介绍工程收取费用的行为违反部门规章而认定无效？三、居间费多少为宜？在下文中我们将结合有关法律规定，对此进行详细分析。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　<font color="#ff0000">分析一：个人或单位给施工企业介绍工程的行为性质认定</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　居间合同是指当事人双方约定一方接受他方的委托，并按照他方的指示要求，为他方报告订立合同的机会或为订约提供媒介服务，委托人给付报酬的合同。在实际生活中，个人或单位接受施工企业的委托，为其提供项目信息，或者为其与建设方签约提供媒介服务，只要双方是出于平等、自愿的意思表示，不违反法律的强制性规定，我们就该认定其行为是合法的居间行为。理由是：其提供信息的目的是促成施工企业</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">委托人</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">与建设方</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">第三方</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">订立合同，这与居间合同的目的相同；信息介绍人也符合居间人不直接参与建设工程合同的制定，只起到中间作用，依照合同约定实施中介服务的行为特征；介绍工程的行为也符合居间合同诺成性、双务性和不要式性特征。在介绍工程过程中，只要介绍人</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">个人或单位</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">和被介绍人</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">施工企业</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">意思表示一致，合同即成立，符合诺成性特征。同时，当事人双方均需承担一定的义务，这体现了居间合同的双务性特征。其三，当事人双方对介绍工程的约定可以采取口头或者书面形式，不需采用特定的形式，这也完全符合居间合同的不要式性特征。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　<font color="#ff0000">分析二：有关工程介绍费的相关法律规定，合同效力可否因违反部门规章而认定为无效？</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　《最高人民法院关于给承包单位介绍工程索要信息费如何处理问题的复函》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1990</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">日</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1990)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">民他字第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">31</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">号</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">指出：“……承发包工程必须严格遵守国家政策、法规，严禁行贿、索承回扣、弄虚作假。不准任何单位或个人私自介绍工程收取工程‘介绍费’。……”《建筑市场管理规定》第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">条同样规定：“任何单位和个人都不得在承发包活动中行贿受贿或收受‘回扣’，不得以介绍工程任务为手段收取费用”。有人据此认为，对于任何个人或单位借介绍工程为名收取费用的行为因违反该《管理规定》第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">条的规定而应认定为无效。但是，我们也不能忽视了该《管理规定》在第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">条规定了“凡从事上述发包和承包活动的单位和个人，均须遵守本规定”，由此，限定了该规定的适用范围仅为“发包和承包活动的单位和个人”，并非一切单位或个人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　退一步说，即使该规定适用于任何人，我们也不能因为合同违反部门规章而就此认定该合同无效。《合同法》规定，确定合同无效，应当依据法律、行政法规的强制性规定，不得以地方性法规、行政规章为依据。但《管理规定》在效力层级上属于部门规章，而非法律或行政法规。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　因此，本文所涉案中的约定属于当事人意思自治范畴，并未违反相关法律、行政法规的规定，其约定的居间费、咨询费等并不因违反部门规章的强制性规定而认定为无效。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　<font color="#ff0000">分析三：居间费用如何才能达到合理适度？计算依据是什么</font>？</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　《合同法》规定，居间人促成合同成立的，委托人应按照约定支付报酬。居间人未促成合同成立的不得要求支付报酬，但可以要求委托人支付从事居间活动支出的必要费用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　关于居间报酬标准，我国法律对此没有相应规定，笔者认为，确定居间人的居间报酬应按照公平合理的原则，不可太高。委托人给付居间人报酬的数额，原则上应按照居间合同约定；如果居间合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，委托人和居间人，可以协议补充；如果达不成补充协议的，应按照合同的有关条款，或者商业交易习惯确定；如果还是解决不了，可以根据居间人的劳务合理确定，具体说来，可以考虑居间人所付出的时间、物力、财力、人力以及居间事务的难易程度等因素，来合理确定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　结论及建议</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　从以上论述中我们可以得出这样一个结论：即建设工程招投标及建设工程合同签订活动中，施工企业委托他人进行居间，如果没有相反证据证明当事人所付居间费用有具体违反《建筑法》、《招标投标法》等规定，不能证明自己已付居间费用是用于行贿和回扣等违法行为，就应当依法确认居间合同的效力。所以，在目前法律体系下，施工企业在类似的案件中，要想达到不再支付工程介绍费的目的尚存在很大的难度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　同时，《最高院</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1990</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年复函》与《合同法》的精神确实存在不一致的地方，这是导致各地审判实践存在差异的重要原因。笔者认为，在实践中存在不同做法的情况下，作为付款方的施工企业要力争适用《最高院</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1990</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年复函》，最重要的是要把握并突出工程介绍费的违法性。如上所述，并非所有的工程居间合同都存在违法情况，对于正常的居间活动，法院应依法予以保护；而只有在工程居间过程中确实存在违法情形时，才存在适用《最高院</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1990</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">年复函》的空间及可能性，实践中，比较常见的违法情形就是居间人行贿、违反招标投标程序等等，施工企业要善于在这些方面收集对自己有利的证据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">    </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">　　另外一个方法就是及时行使撤销权。譬如本文案例中的承诺书要求建筑公司无条件付款，对于收款人的义务却没有作出任何要求，而且咨询费高达工程总造价的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">，甚至远远超出了建筑行业的平均利润率，这就可以援引《合同法》第五十四条之规定“在订立合同时显失公平的，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或仲裁机构变更或者撤销”。当然，撤销权必须在知道或应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><p /></font></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font size="3">　</font></span></p>